well kept

hăbĕo, ui, itum, 2 (archaic perf. subj. habessit, Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19; inf. haberier, Plaut. Mil. 2, 6, 111), v. a. and n. [etym. dub.; cf. Gr. kôpê, handle; Lat. capio; Germ. haben, Haft; Engl. have], to have, in the widest sense of the word, to hold, keep, possess, cherish, entertain, occupy, enclose, contain (cf.: teneo, possideo, etc.).

In gen.

Of personal subjects.

With persons or things as objects: SI INTESTATO MORITVR, CVI SVVS HERES NEC SIT, AGNATVS PROXIMVS FAMILIAM HABETO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Ulp. Fragm. 26, 1: ex tui animi sententia tu uxorem habes? Cato ap. Cic. de Or. 2, 64, 260; cf.:

aliquam habere in matrimonio, Cic. Scaur. § 8: ipsum ex Helvetiis uxorem habere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 18, 6:

si et prudentes homines et non veteres reges habere voluerunt,

Cic. Rep. 1, 37 fin.:

quae cum patrem clarissimum, amplissimos patruos, ornatissimum fratrem haberet,

id. Rosc. Am. 50, 147:

cum ille haberet filium delicatiorem,

id. de Or. 2, 64, 257:

quod non ingenuous habeat clarosque parentes,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 91:

habebat saepe ducentos, saepe decem servos,

id. ib. 1, 3, 11:

fundum habere, Cic. Tull. § 14: cur pecuniam non habeat mulier?

id. Rep. 3, 10:

tantas divitias habet,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 99; so,

aurum,

id. ib. 2, 3, 35; and:

vectigalia magna Divitiasque,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 101:

tantum opum,

Cic. Rep. 1, 48:

classes,

id. Phil. 9, 2, 4:

naves,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 40, § 104:

denique sit finis quaerendi, cumque habeas plus, Pauperiem metuas minus,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 92:

tacitus pasci si posset corvus, haberet Plus dapis,

id. Ep. 1, 17, 50:

Dionysii equus quid attulit admirationis, quod habuit apes in juba?

Cic. Div. 2, 31, 67: faenum habet in cornu;

longe fuge,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 34:

leges in monumentis habere,

Cic. Rep. 2, 14:

hostis habet muros,

Verg. A. 2, 290:

hostis habet portus,

Val. Fl. 3, 45 al.:

quam vellem Panaetium nostrum nobiscum haberemus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 10:

Ciceronem secum,

id. Att. 4, 9, 2; cf.:

ea legione, quam secum habebat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 8, 1:

secum senatorem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 31, § 77; cf.

also: magnum numerum equitatus circum se,

Caes. B. G. 1, 18, 5:

haec si habeat aurum, quod illi renumeret, faciat lubens,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 12; cf.:

quid non habuisti quod dares? Habuisse se dicet, Cic. Scaur. § 19: quod non desit, habentem,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 52:

qui in foro turbaque, quicum colloqui libeat, non habeant,

Cic. Rep. 1, 17.—

With abstr. objects: quid illos, bono genere gnatos, opinanimi animi habuisse atque habituros dum vivent? Cato ap. Gell. 10, 3, 17:

quod uno et eodem temporis puncto nati dissimiles et naturas et vitas et casus habent,

Cic. Div. 2, 45, 95:

febrim,

id. Fam. 7, 26, 1:

instrumenta animi,

id. Rep. 3, 3:

nec vero habere virtutem satis est, quasi artem aliquam, nisi utare,

id. ib. 1, 2:

in populos perpetuam potestatem,

id. ib. 2, 27; cf.:

in populum vitae necisque potestatem,

id. ib. 3, 14; so,

potestatem,

id. ib. 2, 29; 32;

36: eo plus auctoritatis,

id. ib. 3, 16:

ornamenta dicendi,

id. de Or. 2, 28, 122; cf.:

summam prudentiam summamque vim dicendi,

id. ib. 1, 20, 89:

Q. Lucilius Balbus tantos progressus habebat in Stoicis, ut, etc.,

id. N. D. 1, 6, 15:

neque quem usum belli haberent aut quibus institutis uterentur, reperiri poterat,

Caes. B. G. 4, 20 fin.:

nonnullam invidiam ex eo, quod, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 2, 70, 283: nimiam spem, Cato ap. Gell. 13, 17, 1:

spem in fide alicujus,

Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 71; cf.:

tantum spei ad vivendum,

id. Att. 15, 20, 2; id. N. D. 3, 6, 14; cf.

also: summam spem de aliquo,

id. Lael. 3, 11:

odium in equestrem ordinem,

id. Clu. 55, 151:

metum,

Prop. 3, 11 (4, 10), 6: consolationem [p. 834] semper in ore atque in animo, Cic. Fam. 5, 16, 2; cf. Varr. L. L. 6, § 56 Mull.:

rogavi, ut diceret, quid haberet in animo,

Cic. Att. 8, 10:

neque modum neque modestiam victores habere,

observe no bounds, Sall. C. 11, 4;

v. modus: haec habebam fere, quae te scire vellem,

Cic. Att. 1, 6; cf.:

haec habui de amicitia quae dicerem,

this is what I had to say, id. Lael. 27 fin.: fidem, gratiam, honorem, rationem; v. these nouns.—In a play on the word lumen: Arge, jaces; quodque in tot lumina lumen habebas Exstinctum est, the light for so many lights ( eyes), Ov. M. 1, 720.—

With inf. (analog. to the Gr. echô), to have something to do, be able to do something:

habeo etiam dicere quem contra morem majorum dejecerit, etc.,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 35, 100:

de re publica nihil habeo ad te scribere,

id. Att. 2, 22, 6.—So with inf. or with the part. fut. pass. (ante-class. and post-Aug.), to have or be obliged to do something, I must do something:

rogas, ut id mihi habeam curare,

Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 2:

filius hominis, quod carne indui haberet in terra,

Lact. 4, 12, 15:

habemus humiliare eum in signo,

id. 4, 18, 22:

quod plurimae haereses haberent existere,

id. 4, 30, 2:

etiam Filius Dei mori habuit,

Tert. Hab. Mul. 1:

si inimicos jubemur diligere, quem habemus odisse?

id. Apol. 37:

de spatiis ordinum eatenus praecipiendum habemus, ut intelligant agricolae, etc.,

Col. 5, 5, 3:

praesertim cum enitendum haberemus, ut, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 12:

si nunc primum statuendum haberemus,

Tac. A. 14, 44:

cum respondendum haberent,

id. Or. 36.—

Of inanim. or abstr. subjects:

prima classis LXXXVIII. centurias habeat,

Cic. Rep. 2, 22:

locus ille nihil habet religionis,

id. Leg. 2, 22, 57:

humani animi eam partem, quae sensum habeat,

id. Div. 1, 32, 70:

animus incorruptus agit atque habet cuncta, neque ipse habetur,

Sall. J. 2, 3:

divinus animus mortale nihil habuit, Cic. Scaur. § 50: habet statum res publica de tribus secundarium,

id. Rep. 1, 42; cf.:

nullum est genus illarum rerum publicarum, quod non habeat iter ad finitimum quoddam malum,

id. ib. 1, 28:

ipsa aequabilitas est iniqua, cum habeat nullos gradus dignitatis,

id. ib. 1, 27:

nulla alia in civitate...ullum domicilium libertas habet,

id. ib. 1, 31:

nostri casus plus honoris habuerunt quam laboris,

id. ib. 1, 4; cf.:

viri excellentis ancipites variique casus habent admirationem,

id. Fam. 5, 12, 5:

habet etiam amoenitas ipsa illecebras multas cupiditatum,

id. Rep. 2, 4:

quid habet illius carminis simile haec oratio?

id. ib. 1, 36:

magnam habet vim disciplina verecundiae,

id. ib. 4, 6 et saep.:

quomodo habere dicimur febrem, cum illa nos habeat,

Sen. Ep. 119 med.; cf.:

animalia somnus habebat,

Verg. A. 3, 147; Ov. M. 7, 329:

me somno gravatum Infelix habuit thalamus,

Verg. A. 6, 521; cf.:

non me impia namque Tartara habent,

id. ib. 5, 734:

habentque Tartara Panthoiden,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 9:

qui (metus) major absentes habet,

id. Epod. 1, 18; Sen. Const. Sap. 7:

et habet mortalia casus,

Luc. 2, 13:

terror habet vates,

Stat. Th. 3, 549.

In partic.

Pregn., to have or possess property (mostly absol.):

miserum istuc verbum et pessumum'st, habuisse et nihil habere,

Plaut. Rud. 5, 2, 34; cf. Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 10: qui habet, ultro appetitur: qui est pauper, aspernatur, Cic. Fragm. ap. Prisc. p. 792 P.:

habet idem in nummis, habet idem in urbanis praediis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 86, § 199; so,

in nummis,

id. Att. 8, 10:

in Salentinis aut in Brutiis,

i. e. to have possessions, id. Rosc. Am. 46, 132; cf. id. Verr. 2, 5, 18, § 45: nos quod simus, quod habeamus, etc., Curius ap. Cic. Fam. 7, 29, 1:

et belli rabies et amor successit habendi,

Verg. A. 8, 327; cf.:

amore senescit habendi,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 85; Phaedr. 3 prol. 21; Juv. 14, 207: quid habentibus auri nunquam exstincta sitis? Sil. 5, 264; so, habentes = hoi echontes, the wealthy, Lact. 5, 8, 7. —

With an object - or relative-clause, to have the means, ability, or knowledge, i. e. to be in a condition, to be able, to know how to do or say any thing.

With an objectclause:

de Alexandrina re tantum habeo polliceri, me tibi cumulate satisfacturum,

Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 3:

de re publica nihil habeo ad te scribere,

id. Att. 2, 22, 6:

haec fere dicere habui de natura deorum,

this is the substance of what I had to say, id. N. D. 3, 39, 93; cf.:

quid habes igitur dicere de Gaditano foedere?

id. Balb. 14, 33:

habeo etiam dicere, quem de ponte in Tiberim dejecerit,

id. Rosc. Am. 35, 100:

illud affirmare pro certo habeo, etc.,

Liv. 44, 22, 4:

sic placet, an melius quis habet suadere?

Hor. Epod. 16, 23.—

With a relat.-clause (usually with a negative: non habeo, quid faciam;

or: nihil habeo, quod faciam, dicam, etc.): de quibus habeo ipse, quid sentiam: non habeo autem, quid tibi assentiar,

Cic. N. D. 3, 25, 64:

de pueris quid agam, non habeo,

id. Att. 7, 19:

usque eo quid arguas non habes,

id. Rosc. Am. 15, 45:

quid huic responderet, non habebat,

id. Mur. 12, 26:

nec quid faceret habebat,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 51; id. Off. 2, 2, 7:

qui, quo se reciperent, non haberent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 38, 2:

nihil habeo, quod ad te scribam,

Cic. Att. 7, 19:

nil habeo, quod agam,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 19; and:

nihil habeo, quod cum amicitia Scipionis possim comparare,

Cic. Lael. 27, 103.—

To have in use, make use of, use (very rare, for the usual uti, opp. abuti):

anulus in digito subter tenuatur habendo,

i. e. by use, by wearing, Lucr. 1, 312; cf.:

aera nitent usu: vestis bona quaerit haberi,

Ov. Am. 1, 8, 51:

quippe quas (divitias) honeste habere licebat, abuti per turpitudinem properabant,

Sall. C. 13, 2 Kritz; cf.:

magnae opes innocenter paratae et modeste habitae,

Tac. A. 4, 44.—Hence,

To hold, use, wield, handle, manage:

nec inmensa barbarorum scuta, enormis hastas, inter truncos arborum perinde haberi quam pila,

Tac. A. 2, 14.— Trop.:

quo modo rem publicam habuerint (majores), disserere,

Sall. C. 5, 9; cf.:

reipublicae partes,

Tac. A. 4, 6 init. —

To hold or keep a person or thing in any condition; to have, hold, or regard in any light:

aliquem in obsidione,

Caes. B. C. 3, 31, 3:

aliquem in liberis custodiis,

Sall. C. 47, 3; so,

aliquem in custodiis,

id. ib. 52, 14:

aliquem in vinculis,

id. ib. 51 fin.;

for which also: in custodiam habitus,

i. e. put into prison and kept there, Liv. 22, 25; Tac. H. 1, 87; cf.:

quo facilius omne Hadriaticum mare in potestatem haberet,

Caes. B. C. 1, 25 Oud. N. cr. (al. in potestate):

cum talem virum in potestatem habuisset,

Sall. J. 112 fin. Kritz N. cr.:

quae res eos in magno diuturnoque bello inter se habuit,

id. ib. 79, 3:

alios in ea fortuna haberent, ut socii esse quam cives mallent,

Liv. 26, 24:

aegros in tenebris,

Cels. 3, 18:

aquam caelestem sub dio in sole,

Col. 12, 12, 1:

in otio militem,

Liv. 39, 2, 6; cf.:

legiones habebantur per otium,

Tac. H. 1, 31:

externa sine cura habebantur,

id. A. 1, 79 init.:

exercitus sine imperio et modestia habitus,

Sall. J. 44, 1:

quos ille postea magno in honore habuit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 77, 2;

for which: quos praecipuo semper honore Caesar habuit,

id. B. G. 5, 54, 4:

habeo Junium (mensem) et Quintilem in metu,

i. e. I fear, Cic. Att. 6, 1, 14.— So with an adj. or a perf. part., to denote a lasting condition:

ita me mea forma habet sollicitum,

Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 95 Lorenz; id. Men. 4, 2, 12; 21:

miserrimum ego hunc habebo amasium,

id. Cas. 3, 3, 27 al.:

laetum Germanicum,

Tac. A. 2, 57; 65:

sollicitum habebat cogitatio,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 1; 2, 16, 2.—Hence,

With a double object, esp. freq. with the part. perf. pass., to have, hold, or possess a person or thing in any quality or capacity, as any thing; to have, hold, or possess an action as completed, finished (a pregn. circumlocution for the perf.):

cum haberet collegam in praetura Sophoclem,

Cic. Off. 1, 40, 144; cf. Quint. 10, 1, 93:

an heredem habuerit eum, a quo, etc.,

id. 7, 2, 37:

istaec illum perdidit assentatio, nam absque te esset, ego illum haberem rectum ad ingenium bonum,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 8:

cur ergo unus tu Apollonidenses miseriores habes quam pater tuus habuit umquam?

Cic. Fl. 29, 71:

obvium habuerunt patrem,

Quint. 7, 1, 29:

reliquas civitates stipendiarias,

Caes. B. G. 1, 30, 3:

quod (cognomen) habes hereditarium,

Cic. Rep. 6, 11:

quae habuit venalia,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 62, § 144; Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 11, 1:

qui auro habeat soccis suppactum solum,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 98:

me segregatum habuisse, uxorem ut duxit, a me Pamphilum,

have kept him away, aloof, Ter. Hec. 5, 1, 25; cf.:

inclusum in curia senatum habuerunt,

Cic. Att. 6, 2, 8:

(Romulus) habuit plebem in clientelas principum descriptam,

id. Rep. 2, 9: satis mihi videbar habere cognitum Scaevolam ex iis rebus, quas, etc., id. Brut. 40, 147; cf.:

si nondum eum satis habes cognitum,

id. Fam. 13, 17, 3; ib. 15, 20 fin.: fidem spectatam jam et diu cognitam, id. Div. ap. Caecil. 4, 11:

decumas ad aquam deportatas,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 14, § 36:

domitas habere libidines,

id. de Or. 1, 43, 194:

omnes philosophiae notos et tractatos locos,

id. Or. 33, 118; id. Rep. 2, 6:

innumerabilia, quae collecta habent Stoici,

id. Div. 2, 70, 145: quantum in acie tironi sit committendum, nimium saepe expertum habemus, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24, 3:

quare velim ita statutum habeas, me, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 6, 2, 1: habeo absolutum suave epos ad Caesarem, id. Q. Fr. 3, 9, 6:

in adversariis scriptum habere (nomen),

id. Rosc. Com. 3, 9:

de Caesare satis dictum habebo,

id. Phil. 5, 19, 52:

bellum habere susceptum,

id. Agr. 2, 6, 14:

quam (domum) tu iam dimensam et exaedificatam animo habebas,

id. Att. 1, 6, 1:

ut omnes labores, pericula consueta habeam,

Sall. J. 85, 7:

compertum ego habeo,

id. Cat. 58, 1; cf. Nep. Att. 17 fin.; 18, 1: neque ea res falsum ( part. perf. pass.) me habuit, Sall. J. 10, 1 al. From this use is derived the compound perf. of the Romance languages: ho veduto, j'ai vu, qs. habeo visum, I have seen).—

Also, with a double object, to make, render:

praecipit ut dent operam, uti eos quam maxime manifestos habeant,

Sall. C. 41, 5:

qui pascua publica infesta habuerant,

Liv. 39, 29, 9; 34, 36, 3:

necdum omnia edita facinora habent,

id. 39, 16, 3; 31, 42, 1:

anxium me et inquietum habet petitio Sexti,

Plin. Ep. 2, 9, 1:

sed Pompeium gratia impunitum habuit,

kept, Vell. 2, 1, 5.—

Hence:

in aliquo (aliqua re), aliquem (aliquid) habere (rare): ea si fecissem, in vestra amicitia exercitum, divitias, munimenta regni me habiturum,

Sall. J. 14, 1:

in vobis liberos, parentes, consanguineos habeo,

Curt. 6, 9, 12:

majora in eo obsequia habiturus,

Just. 8, 6, 6; cf. Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 5.—

To have or hold a person in any manner, to treat, use:

is, uti tu me hic habueris, proinde illum illic curaverit,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 64:

equitatu agmen adversariorum male habere et carpere,

Caes. B. C. 1, 63, 2; cf. Cels. 3, 20; 3, 21:

exercitum luxuriose nimisque liberaliter habere,

Sall. C. 11, 5 Kritz; cf.:

eos ille non pro vanis hostibus, ut meriti erant, sed accurate et liberaliter habuit,

id. J. 103, 5; 113, 2:

Fabiis plurimi (saucii) dati, nec alibi majore cura habiti,

Liv. 2, 47, 12; 29, 8, 6; 37, 34, 5:

video quam molliter tuos habeas,

Plin. Ep. 5, 19, 1:

militant vobiscum, qui superbe habiti rebellassent,

Curt. 8, 8, 11:

virgines tam sancte habuit,

id. 3, 12, 21; 4, 10, 33:

male habere aliquem,

Nep. Eum. 12, 1:

neque conjugem et filium ejus hostiliter haberi,

Tac. A. 2, 10.—

With se, and sometimes mid. or neut., to hold or keep himself or itself in a certain manner, i. e. to be constituted or situated, to find one's self, to be, in any manner.

Habere se:

Tironem Patris aegrum reliqui...et quamquam videbatur se non graviter habere, tamen sum sollicitus, etc.,

Cic. Att. 7, 2, 3:

praeclare te habes, cum, etc.,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 61, § 149:

ipsi se hoc melius habent quam nos, quod, etc.,

id. Att. 11, 7, 4:

Bene habemus nos,

id. ib. 2, 8, 1:

ego me bene habeo,

am well, Tac. A. 14, 51: praeclare se res habeat ( is well), si, etc., Cic. de Or. 1, 25, 114:

male se res habet, cum, quod virtute effici debet, id tentatur pecunia,

id. Off. 2, 6, 22; cf. id. de Or. 2, 77, 313:

quae cum ita se res haberet, tamen, etc.,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 50, § 124; cf.:

ita se res habet, ut ego, etc.,

id. Quint. 1, 2:

sic profecto res se habet,

id. de Or. 2, 67, 271:

scire aveo, quomodo res se habeat,

id. Att. 13, 35, 2; cf. id. de Or. 2, 32, 140:

ut se tota res habeat,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 5, § 15; cf.:

ut meae res sese habent,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 4, 1.—

Mid.:

virtus clara aeternaque habetur,

exhibits itself, is, continues, Sall. C. 1, 4:

sicuti pleraque mortalium habentur,

as for the most part happens in human affairs, id. ib. 6, 3.—

Neutr. (as also the Gr echô): Tullia nostra recte valet: Terentia minus belle habuit, Dolab. ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 9, 1:

volui animum tandem confirmare hodie meum, Ut bene haberem filiae nuptiis,

I might enjoy myself, Plaut. Aul. 2, 8, 2: qui bene habet suisque amicis est volup, id. [p. 835] Mil. 3, 1, 130:

bene habent tibi principia,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 82:

bene habet: jacta sunt fundamenta defensionis,

it is well, Cic. Mur. 6, 14; Liv. 8, 6:

magnum narras, vix credibile! atqui sic habet,

so it is, it is even so, Hor. S. 1, 9, 53: illasce sues sanas esse habereque recte licere spondesne? Formula emendi, ap. Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 5; 2, 3, 5.—

To hold, account, esteem, consider, regard a person or thing in any manner or as any thing; to think or believe a person or thing to be so or so:

aliquem fidelem sibi habere,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 87:

deos aeternos et beatos,

Cic. N. D. 1, 17, 45:

id habent hodie vile et semper habuerunt,

id. Balb. 22, 51:

maximam illam voluptatem habemus, quae, etc.,

id. Fin. 1, 11, 37:

eum nos ut perveterem habemus... nec vero habeo quemquam antiquiorem,

id. Brut. 15, 61:

Ut et rex et pater habereter omnium,

id. Rep. 1, 36; 2, 21:

parentem Asiae et dici et haberi,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 10 fin.:

eos dicit esse habitos deos, a quibus, etc.,

id. N. D. 1, 15, 38:

cum esset habendus rex, quicumque genere regio natus esset,

id. Rep. 1, 33; cf. id. ib. 2, 12 fin.: non habeo nauci Marsum augurem, Poet. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 58, 132:

cujus auctoritas in iis regionibus magni habebatur,

Caes. B. G. 4, 21, 7:

nihil pensi habere,

Quint. 11, 1, 29; cf.

also: an perinde habenda sit haec atque illa,

id. 7, 3, 11:

sese illum non pro amico, sed pro hoste habiturum,

Caes. B. G. 1, 44, 19; so,

aliquem pro hoste,

Liv. 2, 20; Curt. 6, 2 al.:

nisi in provincia relictas rationes pro relatis haberem,

Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 2:

licet omnia Italica pro Romanis habeam,

Quint. 1, 5, 56; 12, 10, 73:

istuc jam pro facto habeo,

Cic. Att. 13, 1, 2:

Pompeium pro certo habemus per Illyricum proficisci in Galliam,

to consider as certain, id. ib. 10, 6 fin.:

id obliviscendum, pro non dicto habendum,

Liv. 23, 22, 9:

hoc velim in maximis rebus et maxime necessariis habeas,

Cic. Att. 5, 5 fin.:

aliquem in deorum numero,

id. N. D. 1, 14, 36:

aliquem in hostium numero,

Caes. B. G. 1, 28, 1:

aliquem suorum In numero,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 41;

for which also: hostium numero haberi,

Cic. Att. 11, 6, 6:

numero impiorum ac sceleratorum haberi,

Caes. B. G. 6, 13, 7; cf. also Quint. 3, 7, 2:

quem Aegyptii nefas habent nominare,

Cic. N. D. 3, 22, 56:

mutare nefas habent,

Quint. 12, 8, 6:

nec tamen est habendum religioni, nocentem aliquando defendere,

to scruple, make a conscience of, Cic. Off. 2, 14, 51; cf.:

nec eam rem habuit religioni,

id. Div. 1, 35, 77:

quando tu me bene merentem tibi habes despicatui,

you despise, Plaut. Men. 4, 3, 19:

non sic ludibrio tuis factis habitus essem,

Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 11.—Hence: sic habeto, or sic habeas aliquid, or with an object-clause, hold or judge thus, be convinced or persuaded, believe, know:

sed hoc nihil ad te: illud velim sic habeas, uod intelliges, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 3, 13, 2:

unum hoc sic habeto: si, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 6 fin.:

sic habeto: omnibus, etc.,

id. Rep. 6, 13:

enitere et sic habeto, non esse te mortalem, sed corpus hoc,

id. ib. 6, 24; so with an object-clause, id. Fam. 2, 10, 1; 16, 4, 4.—Without sic:

id primum ergo habeto, non sine magna causa, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 29, 2:

tantum habeto, civem egregium esse Pompeium, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 8, 2.—

To take, accept, bear, submit to, endure:

neque cuiquam mortalium injuriae suae parvae videntur: multi eas gravius aequo habuere,

Sall. C. 51, 11:

egestas facile habetur sine damno,

id. ib. 6, 37:

quae in praesens Tiberius civiliter habuit, sed, etc.,

Tac. A. 4, 21:

neque tantum maleficium impune habendum,

id. ib. 3, 70;

12, 48: nec ita aegre habuit filium id pro parente ausum,

Liv. 7, 5, 7 Weissenb.—

To hold, have possession of, occupy, a place:

urbem Romam condidere atque habuere initio Trojani,

Sall. C. 6, 1:

qui mortales initio Africam habuerint,

id. J. 17, 7; 18, 1; cf.

Siciliam et Sardiniam per legatos habuit,

rule, administer, Flor. 4, 2, 22:

urbem Romanam a principio reges habuere,

Tac. A. 1, 1:

Hispaniae tribus legionibus habebantur,

id. ib. 4, 5; 12, 54.—

More freq. neutr., to dwell, live anywhere (perh. only ante-class.; in good prose habito is used instead): quae Corinthum arcem altam habetis, Enn. ap. Cic. Fam. 7, 6, 1 (Trag. v. 294 Vahl.):

ille geminus qui Syracusis habet,

Plaut. Men. prol. 69: quis istic habet? id. Bacch. 1, 2, 6:

ubi nunc adulescens habet?

id. Trin. 1, 2, 156:

apud aedem Junonis Lucinae, ubi aeditumus habere solet,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 50 Mull.; cf.:

situm formamque et universorum castrorum et partium, qua Poeni, qua Numidae haberent...specularentur,

Liv. 30, 4, 2 (but v. Weissenb. ad loc.).—

To spend, pass (time, etc.):

aetatem procul a republica,

Sall. C. 4, 1:

vitam,

id. ib. 51, 12 al.—

To have in one's mind, to know, be acquainted with:

siquidem istius regis (Anci) matrem habemus, ignoramus patrem,

Cic. Rep. 2, 18 fin.: habes consilia nostra;

nunc cognosce de Bruto,

there you have, such are, id. Att. 5, 21, 10:

habetis igitur primum ortum tyranni,

id. Rep. 2, 27:

habetis sermonem bene longum hominis,

id. de Or. 2, 88, 361; cf.

also: habes nostras sententias,

Suet. Claud. 4:

habes, quae fortissime de beata vita dici putem,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 28 fin.; cf. id. de Or. 2, 71, 291. —

To have as a habit, peculiarity, or characteristic:

habebat hoc omnino Caesar: quem plane perditum aere alieno egentemque cognorat, hunc in familiaritatem libentissime recipiebat,

Cic. Phil. 2, 32, 78; id. Pis. 32, 81.—

To hold, to make, do, perform, prepare, utter, pronounce, produce, cause:

alium quaerebam, iter hac habui,

made, directed, Ter. Eun. 5, 9, 35; cf.:

ex urbe profectus iter ad legiones habebat,

Caes. B. C. 1, 14, 3; so,

iter,

id. ib. 1, 51, 1; 3, 11, 2; 3, 106, 1; Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6, 2:

vias,

Luc. 2, 439:

C. Cato contionatus est, comitia haberi non siturum, si, etc.,

to be held, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6, 6:

senatum,

id. ib. 2, 13, 3; id. Fam. 1, 4, 1; Caes. B. C. 1, 2, 1:

concilia,

id. B. G. 5, 53, 4:

contionem,

Cic. Att. 4, 1, 6:

censum,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 55, § 138:

delectum (militum),

id. Phil. 5, 12, 31; id. Fam. 15, 1 fin.; Caes. B. G. 6, 1;

v. delectus: ludos,

Suet. Rhet. 1:

sermonem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 24, 57; cf.:

orationem,

to deliver, id. Rep. 1, 46:

multis verbis ultro citroque habitis,

id. ib. 6, 9 fin.:

disputationem,

id. ib. 1, 7; Caes. B. G. 5, 30, 1:

dialogum,

Cic. Att. 2, 9, 1:

verba,

id. de Or. 2, 47, 190:

querelam de aliquo apud aliquem,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 1, § 2:

controversiam de fundo cum aliquo,

id. Fam. 13, 69, 2 et saep.:

deinde adventus in Syriam primus equitatus habuit interitum,

caused, occasioned, Cic. Prov. Cons. 4, 9; cf. id. Div. 2, 46, 96:

latrocinia nullam habent infamiam, quae extra fines cujusque civitatis fiunt,

Caes. B. G. 6, 23, 6.—

Habere in animo (or simply animo), with an objectclause, to have in mind, to intend, to be disposed, inclined to do any thing (=propositum habere, constituisse, decrevisse):

istum exheredare in animo habebat,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 18, 52; id. Att. 1, 17, 11:

hoc (flumen) neque ipse transire in animo habebat neque hostes transituros existimabat,

Caes. B. G. 6, 7, 5:

neque bello eum invadere animo habuit,

Liv. 44, 25, 1 dub (al. in animo), v. Drak. ad h. l.—

Habere sibi or secum aliquid, to keep to one's self (lit. and trop.):

clamare coeperunt, sibi ut haberet hereditatem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 19, § 47:

per vindicationem his verbis legamus: DO LEGO, CAPITO, SUMITO, SIBI HABETO,

Ulp. Fragm. 24, 3; cf. ib. § 5; Gai. Inst. 2, 209.—So the formula used in divorces:

res tuas tibi habeas or habe,

Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 47; Sen. Suas. 1, § 7:

illam suam suas res sibi habere jussit ex duodecim tabulis,

Cic. Phil. 2, 28, 69. —Comic. transf.:

apage sis amor: tuas tibi res habeto,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 32.— Trop.:

secreto hoc audi, tecum habeto, ne Apellae quidem liberto tuo dixeris,

Cic. Fam. 7, 25, 2:

verum haec tu tecum habeto,

id. Att. 4, 15, 6.—

Of a sweetheart, to have, to possess, enjoy:

postquam nos Amaryllis habet, Galatea reliquit,

Verg. E. 1, 31; Tib. 1, 2, 65; Prop. 3, 8 (4, 7), 22:

duxi, habui scortum,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 10, 6; Ter. And. 1, 1, 58: cum esset objectum, habere eum Laida;

habeo, inquit, non habeor a Laide,

Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 2.—

Gladiatorial t. t., of a wounded combatant: hoc habet or habet, he has that (i. e. that stroke), he is hit:

desuper altus equo graviter ferit atque ita fatur: Hoc habet,

Verg. A. 12, 296; Prud. Psych. 53.—

Transf.:

hoc habet: reperi, qui senem ducerem,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 26; id. Rud. 4, 4, 99: egomet continuo mecum;

Certe captus est! Habet!

Ter. And. 1, 1, 56 (id est vulneratus est. Habet enim qui percussus est: et proprie de gladiatoribus dicitur, Don.).—Hence: hăbĭtus, a, um, P. a., held or kept in a certain condition, state, humor (ante-class.).

In gen.

Lit.: equus nimis strigosus et male habitus, Massur. Sabin. ap. Gell. 4, 20, 11; v. in the foll.—

Trop.:

ut patrem tuum vidi esse habitum, diu etiam duras (lites) dabit,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 22.—

In partic., physically, well kept, well conditioned, fleshy, corpulent:

corpulentior videre atque habitior,

Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 8:

si qua (virgo) est habitior paulo, pugilem esse aiunt, deducunt cibum,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 23: (censores) equum nimis strigosum et male habitum, sed equitem ejus uberrimum et habitissimum viderunt, etc., Massur. Sabin. ap. Gell. 4, 20, 11.

* * *

con-sto, stĭti, stātum (constātūrus, Sen. Clem. 1, 19, 3; Plin. 18, 5, 6, § 30; Luc. 2, 17; Mart. 10, 41, 5; Lact. Opif. Dei, 7, 11), 1, v. n.

To stand together, stand with some person or thing.

Lit. (very rare):

constant, conserunt sermones inter se drapetae,

Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 11.—

Trop., to stand with, to agree with, be in accord or agreement, to correspond, fit.

With cum and abl. (cf. consisto, II. B. 3.):

considerabit, constetne oratio aut cum re aut ipsa secum,

Cic. Inv. 2, 14, 45:

sententiā non constare cum superioribus et inferioribus sententiis, etc.,

Auct. Her. 2, 10, 14.—

Absol.:

veri similis narratio erit, si spatia temporum, personarum dignitates, consiliorum rationes, locorum opportunitates constabunt,

Auct. Her. 1, 9, 16.—

With dat.:

si humanitati tuae constare voles,

Cic. Att. 1, 11, 1.—And esp. with sibi, to agree, accord with itself, to remain like one's self, be consistent:

in Oppianico sibi constare et superioribus consentire judiciis debuerunt,

Cic. Clu. 22, 60; so,

with consentire,

id. Univ. 3 init.; id. Fin. 2, 11, 35:

ut constare in vitae perpetuitate possimus nobismetipsis nec in ullo officio claudicare,

id. Off. 1, 33, 119; so,

sibi (opp. titubare),

Quint. 5, 7, 11:

sibi et rei judicatae,

Cic. Clu. 38, 106:

sibi,

Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 16; id. A. P. 127; cf.:

constat idem omnibus sermo,

Liv. 9, 2, 3.—

In the phrase ratio constat, mercantile t. t., the account agrees or is correct, is or proves right:

auri ratio constat: aurum in aerario est,

Cic. Fl. 28, 69:

quibus ratio impensarum constaret,

was correct, accurately kept, Suet. Ner. 30.—

In postAug. prose, esp. in the younger Pliny, transf. from the sphere of business:

mirum est, quam singulis diebus in urbe ratio aut constet aut constare videatur,

Plin. Ep. 1, 9, 1; cf. id. ib. 1, 5, 16; 3, 18, 10; 2, 4, 4; 7, 6, 4; id. Pan. 38, 4; Just. praef. § 5: eam condicionem esse imperandi, ut non aliter ratio [p. 439] constet, quam si uni reddatur, Tac. A. 1, 6 fin. —

With the access. idea of firmness, to stand firm, to remain immovable, unchanging, steadfast, to abide, last, endure, persevere, etc. (very freq. in all perr. and styles).

In gen.:

prius quam totis viribus fulta constaret hostium acies,

Liv. 3, 60, 9; cf.:

nec pugna deinde illis constare,

id. 1, 30, 10:

ut non color, non vultus ei constaret,

id. 39, 34, 7; cf.:

valetudo ei neque corporis neque animi constitit,

Suet. Calig. 50; and:

dum sanitas constabit,

Phaedr. 4, 24, 30:

non mentibus solum consipere, sed ne auribus quidem atque oculis satis constare poterant,

Liv. 5, 42, 3; cf.:

in ebrietate lingua non constat,

Sen. Ep. 83, 27:

mente vix constare,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 17, 39; cf. Liv. 8, 19, 6; 44, 20, 7:

quā in sententia si constare voluissent,

Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 14; cf. Caes. B. G. 5, 36 fin.:

numerus legionum constat,

id. ib. 7, 35:

ceteris exercitibus constare fidem,

Tac. H. 2, 96:

utrimque fides constitit,

kept their word, Liv. 37, 32, 13; 2, 13, 9.— Poet.: cum sint huc forsitan illa, Haec translata illuc;

summā tamen omnia constant,

i. e. the principal sum remains always the same, Ov. M. 15, 258:

postquam cuncta videt caelo constare sereno,

every thing continues in unbroken serenity, Verg. A. 3, 518:

constitit in nullā qui fuit ante color,

Ov. A. A. 1, 120.—

In partic.

Milit. t. t., to stop, halt: multitudinem procul hostium constare videtur, Sisenn. ap. Non. p. 273, 4.—

Of facts, reports, etc., to be established, settled, certain, manifest, evident, well known:

quae cum constent, perspicuum debet esse, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 17, 40:

eorum quae constant exempla ponemus, horum quae dubia sunt, exempla adferemus, id. mv 1, 38, 68: quod nihil nobis constat,

Caes. B. G. 7, 5:

cum et factum constet et nomen, qualia sint vocatur in dubium,

Cic. Part. Or. 12, 42; cf.:

cum factum constat, sed a quo sit factum in controversiam venit,

Quint. 7, 2, 8; and impers., with acc. and inf.:

mihi multa agitanti constabat, paucorum civium egregiam virtutem cuncta patravisse,

Sall. C. 53, 4; cf.:

quod omnibus constabat, hiemari in Gallia oportere,

Caes. B. G. 4, 29 fin., and Cic. Clu. 13, 38.—

Constat (constabat, constabit, etc., it is settled, established, undisputed, certain, well known, etc.), Cic. Mil. 6, 14; id. Quint. 29, 89; Caes. B. G. 3, 6; 3, 9 al.; Ov. M. 7, 533; Quint. 4, 2, 90 et saep.—So freq.: constat inter omnes, with acc. and inf., all agree, all are convinced:

sed tum nimis inter omnis constabat neminem esse resalutatum,

Cic. Phil. 2, 41, 106:

quae propositio in se quiddam continet perspicuum et quod constare inter omnis necesse est, hanc velle approbare et firmare nihil attinet,

in which all must agree, id. Inv. 1, 36, 62 dub. (B. and K. stare); Caes. B. G. 7, 44; Nep. Alcib. 1, 1; Quint. 6, 1, 8 et saep.; cf.

also: constare inter homines sapientissimos (for which, just after: omnium consensu sic esse judicatum),

Cic. de Or. 3, 1, 3:

inter suos,

Caes. B. G. 7, 47:

inter augures, Liv 10, 6, 7 et saep.: cum de Magio constet,

Cic. Att. 13, 10, 3; cf.:

de facto constat,

Quint. 7, 2, 7; so with de, id. 7, 2, 11; 4, 2, 5:

etsi non satis mihi constiterat, cum aliquāne animi mei molestiā an potius, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 1, 1:

nec satis certum constare apud animum poterat, utrum, etc.,

Liv. 30, 28, 1:

quid cuique sit opus constare decet,

Quint. 3, 9, 8; so id. 3, 8, 25:

quid porro quaerendum est? Factumne sit? At constat. A quo? At patet,

Cic. Mil. 6, 15; so absol., id. Verr. 2, 3, 21, § 54.—

Of a resolve.

Impers.: mihi (ei) constat, = certum est, it is my ( his) fixed determination, I am determined, I am fully resolved (rare): mihi quidem constat, nec meam contumeliam, nec meorum ferre, Anton. ap. Cic. Phil. 13, 19, 42:

neque satis Bruto neque tribunis militum constabat, quid agerent,

were undecided, Caes. B. G. 3, 14:

ut nihil ei constet quod agat,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 15, 35.—

With the resolve as subject:

animo constat sententia,

Verg. A. 5, 748:

cum constitit consilium,

when my mind was fully made up, Cic. Att. 8, 11, 1.—

In gen., as opp. to that which has no existence, to exist, be, abide (esp. in Lucr.):

(corpora) quoniam fragili naturā praedita constant,

Lucr. 1, 582; 1, 246; 1, 510 et saep.:

antiquissimi fere sunt, quorum quidem scripta constent,

Cic. de Or. 2, 22, 93; id. Verr. 2, 2, 76, § 187: qui sine manibus et pedibus constare deum posse decreverunt, id. N. D. 1, 33, 92:

si ipsa mens constare potest vacans corpore,

id. ib. 1, 10, 25.—

With ex, in, de, or the abl. (in Cic. only with ex; cf. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 4, 8, 19), to consist in or of, to be composed of, to rest upon something, etc.

With ex (very freq. in prose and poetry):

fulminis ignem e parvis constare figuris,

Lucr. 2, 385:

homo ex animo constat et corpore,

Cic. N. D. 1, 35, 98;

id. Fin. l. l.: simplex (jus) e dulci constat olivo,

Hor. S. 2, 4, 64:

ea virtus, quae constat ex hominibus tuendis,

Cic. Off. 1, 44, 157 et saep.—

With in and abl. (very rare):

victoriam in earum cohortium virtute constare,

Caes. B. C. 3, 89 fin.; Nep. Att. 14 fin. —

With de:

partus duplici de semine,

Lucr. 4, 1229.—

With abl. (freq. in Lucr. and Quint.):

aeterno quia constant semine quaeque,

Lucr. 1, 221; 1, 484; 1, 518 et saep.:

agri campis, vineis, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 3, 19, 5:

constat tota oratio longioribus membris, brevioribus periodis,

Quint. 9, 4, 134; 5, 10, 63 et saep.:

causa constat aut unius rei controversiā aut plurium,

id. 3, 10, 1. omnis disciplina memoriā, id. 11, 2, 1. omne jus aut scripto aut moribus, id. 12, 3, 6 et saep.—

Mercantile t. t., like our phrase, to stand at, i. e. to cost; constr. with abl.. gen., etc., of price (cf. Zumpt, Gr. § 444).

Lit.

With abl.:

ut unae quadrigae Romae constiterint quadringentis milibus,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 14; Suet. Vit. 19:

filius auro,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 6, 57:

navis gratis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 19, § 48 (al. stare):

HS. sex milibus tibi constant,

id. ib. 2, 4, 12, §

28: tanto nobis deliciae,

Plin. 12, 18, 41, § 84:

magno tibi,

Plin. Ep. 2, 6, 4:

parvo,

Pall. Febr. 9, 12; cf.

gratis,

Sen. Ep. 104, 34; Aug. Serm. 385, 6.—

With gen.:

(ambulatiuncula) prope dimidio minoris constabit isto loco,

Cic. Att. 13, 29, 2; Suet. Ner. 27 fin.:

quanti funus,

id. Vesp. 19; Juv. 7, 45.—

With adv.: quod mihi constat carius, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 272, 25; so,

vilissime,

Col. 9, 1. 6.—

With sup.:

cujus area super HS. millies constitit,

Suet. Caes. 26.—

Trop.:

edocet, quanto detrimento et quot virorum fortium morte necesse sit constare victoriam,

Caes. B. G. 7, 19:

odia constantia magno,

Ov. H. 7, 47:

imperia pretio quolibet constant bene,

Sen. Phoen. 664.—Hence, constans, antis, P. a. (acc. to II. 1.), standing firm, firm, unchangeable, constant, immovable, uniform, fixed, stable, invariable (freq. and class.).

Lit.:

mellis constantior est natura (sc. quam aquae),

Lucr. 3, 192:

constans uva contra tenorem unum algoris aestusve,

Plin. 14, 2, 4, § 27:

cujus in indomito constantior inguine nervus, Quam nova arbor, etc.,

Hor. Epod. 12, 19:

cursus certi et constantes,

Cic. N. D. 3, 9, 24; cf.:

constans reversio stellarum (with conveniens),

id. ib. 2, 21, 54:

constantissimus motus lunae,

id. Div. 2, 6, 17:

nihil (mundo) motu constantius,

id. N. D. 3, 9, 23; 2, 21, 54:

constanti vultu graduque,

Liv. 5, 46, 3: aetas, the mature age (of an adult), Cic. Sen. 10, 33; cf.:

constans aetas, quae media dicitur,

id. ib. 20, 76:

aetate nondum constanti,

Suet. Galb. 4:

pax,

firm, secure, Liv. 6, 25, 6:

fides,

Hor. C. 3, 7, 4:

an ire comminus et certare pro Italiā constantius foret,

safer, Tac. H. 3, 1. —

Agreeing or accordant with itself, consistent, harmonious:

quemadmodum in oratione constanti, sic in vitā omnia sint apta inter se et convenientia,

Cic. Off. 1, 40, 144:

nihil intellego dici potuisse constantius,

id. Tusc. 5, 9, 25; cf.:

incredibilia an inter se constantia,

Quint. 5, 4, 2:

rumores,

Cic. Fam. 12, 9, 1:

constans parum memoria hujus anni,

Liv. 10, 37, 13:

constans fama erat,

Suet. Caes. 6; so,

opinio,

id. Tib. 39; id. Vesp. 4 al.—

Trop., intellectually or morally certain, sure, steadfast, constant, faithful, steady, unchanging:

firmi et stabiles et constantes amici,

Cic. Lael. 17, 62; cf. Nep. Lys. 2, 2:

quem hominem? Levem? imo gravissimum. Mobilem? imo constantissimum,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 16, 49; cf. opp. varium, id. Fragm. ap. Quint. 6, 3, 48 Spald.:

pater amens at is quidem fuit omnium constantissimus,

a very constant, steadfast man, Cic. Rosc. Am. 14, 41; cf.:

prudens et constans (testis),

Quint. 5, 7, 26; and under adv.:

(Helvidius Priscus) recti pervicax, constans adversus metus,

Tac. H. 4, 5 fin.:

constans Fortuna tantum in levitate suā,

Ov. Tr. 5, 8, 18; cf.: neque fidei constans, neque strenuus in perfidiā, Tac. H. 3, 57:

constantior In vitiis, etc.,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 18.— Adv.: constanter.

(Acc. to A.) Firmly, immovably, steadily, constantly:

manere in suo statu,

Cic. Univ. 13: constanter ac perpetuo placet consilium, Brut. ap. Cic. Ep. ad Brut. 1, 16, 9:

vitiis gaudere constanter,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 6.— Comp.:

ut maneamus in perspicuis firmius et constantius,

Cic. Ac. 2, 14, 45.— Sup.:

impetus caeli constantissime conficiens vicissitudinis anniversarias,

Cic. N. D. 2, 38, 97.—

Harmoniously, evenly, uniformly, consistently:

constanter et aequaliter ingrediens oratio,

Cic. Or. 58, 198:

sibi constanter convenienterque dicere,

id. Tusc. 5, 9, 26; cf. id. ib. 5, 9, 24; in comp., id. ib. 5, 9, 25; in sup., id. ib. 5, 8, 23; id. Ac. 2, 3, 9; so,

hi constanter omnes nuntiaverunt,

with one voice, unanimously, Caes. B. G. 2, 2:

aequabilius atque constantius sese res humanae haberent,

Sall. C. 2, 3:

aequabilius atque constantius regere provincias,

Tac. A. 15, 21 fin. —

(Acc. to B.) Steadily, calmly, tranquilly, sedately:

constanter ac non trepide pugnare,

Caes. B. G. 3, 25; cf.

agere, Auct. B. Afr. 84: proelium inire,

Suet. Vesp. 4; id. Tib. 19:

constanter et sedate ferre dolorem,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 20, 46:

constanter et libere se gerere,

id. Att. 4, 16, 9:

constanter prudenterque fit,

id. Tusc. 4, 6, 12:

constanter delata beneficia (with judicio, considerate, and opp. repentino quodam impetu),

id. Off. 1, 15, 49.— Comp.:

cetera exsequi,

Suet. Aug. 10:

acrius quam constantius proelium inire,

Curt. 4, 6, 14.— Sup.:

amicitias retinere,

Suet. Aug. 66; id. Tib. 45 al.

aerārĭus, a, um, adj. [aes].

That pertains to or is made of copper, bronze, etc.:

aerarium metallum,

a copper-mine, Vitr. 7, 9; Plin. 33, 5, 26, § 86;

fornaces,

smelting-furnaces, id. 11, 36, 42, § 119:

fabrica,

the preparation of copper, id. 7, 56, 57, § 197 faber, a coppersmith, id. 34, 8, 19, 6, § 61 (also aerarius alone; v. below).—

Of or pertaining to money:

propter aerariam rationem non satis erat in tabulis inspexisse quantum deberetur,

on account of the standard of coin, Cic. Quint. 4:

hinc dicuntur milites aerarii, ab aere quod stipendia facerent,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 181 Müll.: tribunus, who superintended disbursements of the public treasury: aerarii tribuni a tribuendo aere sunt appellati, Paul. ex Fest. p. 2 Müll.;

or, acc. to Varr.: ab eo, quibus attributa erat pecunia, ut militi reddant, tribuni aerarii dicti,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 181 Müll.; v. tribunus.—Hence, subst.: aerārĭus, i, m.

(Sc. faber.) One who works in copper, etc., a coppersmith:

in aerariorum officinis,

Plin. 16, 6, 8, § 23:

aerariorum marculi,

Mart. 12, 57, 6; so Inscr. Orell. 4140.—

(Sc. civis.) A citizen of the lowest class, who paid only a poll-tax (aera pendebat), and had no right of voting. Other citizens, upon the commission of great crimes, were degraded by the censors into this class, and deprived of all previous dignities. (Cf. Gell. 4, 12 and 29; Drak. ad Liv. 24, 18, 6;

Smith's Dict. Antiq., and Nieb. Röm. Gesch. 2, 63 and 452.) Referre aliquem in aerarios,

Cic. Clu. 43. eximere aliquem ex aerariis, id. de Or. 2, 66 ext.; Liv. 24, 18:

omnes, quos senatu moverunt, quibusque equos ademerunt (censores) aerarios fecerunt et tribu moverunt,

id. 42, 10 al. —

aerārĭa, ae, f.

(Sc. fodina, like argentaria and ferraria, Liv. 34, 21:

auraria,

Tac. A. 6, 19 al.) A mine:

multis locis apud eos (sc. Aquitanos) aerariae structuraeque sunt,

Caes. B. G. 3, 21 Herz. —

(Sc. officina.) A smelting or refining house, Varr. L. L. 8, 33.—

(Sc. fornax.) A smelting-furnace, Plin. 34, 13, 33, § 128.—

aerārĭum, i, n. (sc. stabulum), the place in the temple of Saturn at Rome, where the public treasure was kept, the treasury: to tamieion, to koinon: Aerarium sane populus Romanus in aede Saturni habuit, Paul. ex Fest. p. 2 Müll.; cf. Plin. Pan. 92:

referre pecuniam in aerarium,

Cic. Agr. 2, 27 (for which deferre is often used in Liv. q.v.):

dare alicui pecuniam ex aerario,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 70.—Also for the public treasure or finances:

C. Gracchus, cum largitiones maximas fecisset et effudisset aerarium,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 20, 48, Nep. Arist. 3, 1; id. Att. 8.—In the time of the emperors the aerarium (public treasure) was distinguished from fiscus (the wealth of the emperor):

bona Sejani ablata aerario, ut in fisco cogerentur,

Tac. A. 6, 2; Plin. Pan. 36, Suet. Vesp. 16;

v. fiscus. In the treasury the public archives were kept: factum senatus consultum, ne decreta patrum ante diem decimum ad aerarium deferrentur,

Tac. A. 3, 51; cf. id. ib. 13, 28; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Caes. 28;

and also the standards: signa ex aerario prompta,

Liv. 4, 22.—The Quaestores aerarii (under Augustus and his immediate successors the Praetores) presided over the aerarium, with whom the Tribuni aerarii were associated as assistants; cf.

Quaestor and Tribunus.—The aerarium contained also a fund, established after the invasion of Gaul, and augmented by the immense booty acquired in the wars with Carthage, Macedonia, Corinth, etc., as well as by the tribute of the manumissi, which could be used only in cases of extreme public necessity, hence with the epithet sanctius,

Caes. B. C. 1, 24:

aurum vicesimarium, quod in sanctiore aerario ad ultimos casus servaretur, promi placuit,

Liv. 27, 10; cf. Cic. Att. 7, 21; id. Verr. 2, 4, 63 (of the Syracusans). Hence trop., Quint. 10, 3, 3:

aerarium militare, destined by Aug. for defraying the expenses of war,

Tac. A. 1, 78; Suet. Aug. 49; Plin. Pan. 92, 1.

A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:

A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,

Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:

ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,

Quint. 1, 5, 61.

The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.

In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.

Short a is changed,

, into long a —

In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,

In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).

In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)

Short a is changed into é or ē—

Into é.

Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).

Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.

In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).

Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).

Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)

before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —

Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).

ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.

Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.

In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.

Short a is changed into short or long o.

Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).

Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).

Short a is changed into ŭ —

In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).

In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.

ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).

Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.

Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.

Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)

Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.

The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).

Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.

ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.

The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.

In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.

ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.

The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.

Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.

In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.

Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).

Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—

Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.

Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.

Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.

Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.

Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.

Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.

Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.

As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;

so also A. A. A.,

ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.

a, prep.=ab, v. ab.

ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:

A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,

Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:

ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,

Quint. 1, 5, 61.

The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.

In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.

Short a is changed,

, into long a —

In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,

In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).

In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)

Short a is changed into é or ē—

Into é.

Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).

Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.

In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).

Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).

Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)

before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —

Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).

ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.

Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.

In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.

Short a is changed into short or long o.

Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).

Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).

Short a is changed into ŭ —

In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).

In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.

ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).

Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.

Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.

Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)

Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.

The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).

Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.

ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.

The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.

In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.

ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.

The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.

Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.

In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.

Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).

Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—

Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.

Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.

Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.

Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.

Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.

Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.

Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.

As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;

so also A. A. A.,

ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.

a, prep.=ab, v. ab.

ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

ab-sum, āfui (better than abfui), āfŭtārus (aforem, afore), v. n., in its most general signif., to be away from, be absent.

In gen.

Absol. without designating the distance (opp. adsum):

num ab domo absum?

Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 16:

me absente atque insciente,

id. Trin. 1, 2, 130:

domini ubi absunt,

are not at home, not present, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 53: facile aerumnam ferre possum, si inde abest injuria, Caecil. ap. Non. 430, 18.—

With reference to the distance in space or time; which is expressed either by a definite number, or, in gen., by the advs. multum, paulum (not parum, v. below) longe, etc.:

edixit, ut ab urbe abesset milia pass. ducenta,

Cic. Sest. 12, 29:

castra, quae aberant bidui,

id. Att. 5, 16:

hic locus aequo fere spatio ab castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 43:

haud longe abesse oportet,

he ought not to be far hence, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 166:

legiones magnum spatium aberant,

Caes. B. G. 2, 17:

menses tres abest,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 66:

haud permultum a me aberit infortunium,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 2, 1; Cic. Fam. 2, 7.—With the simple abl. for ab:

paulumque cum ejus villa abessemus,

Cic. Ac. 1, 1 Görenz; but, ab ejus villa, B. and K.; cf.:

nuptā abesse tuā,

Ov. R. Am. 774.— With inter:

nec longis inter se passibus absunt,

Verg. A. 11, 907.—With prope, propius, proxime, to denote a short distance:

nunc nobis prope abest exitium,

is not far from, Plaut. Aul. 2, 3, 8;

so with est: prope est a te Deus, tecum est,

Sen. Ep. 41:

loca, quae a Brundisio propius absunt, quam tu, biduum,

Cic. Att. 8, 14:

quoniam abes propius,

since you are nearer, id. ib. 1, 1:

existat aliquid, quod... absit longissime a vero,

id. Ac. 2, 11, 36; so id. Deiot. 13; Caes. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 16 al.—Hence the phrase: tantum abest, ut—ut, so far from — that, etc. (Zumpt, §

779), the origin of which is evident from the following examples from Cic. (the first two of which have been unjustly assailed): id tantum abest ab officio, ut nihil magis officio possit esse contrarium, Off. 1, 14 (with which comp. the person. expression: equidem tantum absum ab ista sententia, ut non modo non arbitrer... sed, etc.,

id. de Or. 1, 60, 255):

tantum abest ab eo, ut malum mors sit, ut verear, ne, etc.,

id. Tusc. 1, 31, 76: ego vero istos tantum abest ut ornem, ut effici non possit, quin eos oderim, so far am I from — that, id. Phil. 11, 14; sometimes etiam or quoque is added to the second clause, Lentul. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 15, 2; Suet. Tib. 50; more rarely contra, Liv. 6, 31, 4. Sometimes the second ut is left out:

tantum afuit, ut inflammares nostros animos: somnum isto loco vix tenebamus,

Cic. Brut. 80, 278; on the contrary, once in Cic. with a third ut: tantum abest ut nostra miremur, ut usque eo difficiles ac morosi simus, ut nobis non satisfaciat ipse Demosthenes, Or. 29, 104.

Hence,

To be away from any thing unpleasant, to be freed or free from:

a multis et magnis molestiis abes,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3:

a culpa,

id. Rosc. Am. 20: a reprehensione temeritatis, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 23.

To be removed from a thing by will, inclination, etc.; to be disinclined to (syn. abhorreo)' a consilio fugiendi, Cic. Att. 7, 24:

ab istis studiis,

id. Planc. 25:

ceteri a periculis aberant,

kept aloof from, avoided, Sall. C. 6, 3. toto aberant bello, Caes. B. G. 7, 63.

To be removed from a thing in regard to condition or quality, i. e. to be different from, to differ = abhorrere abest a tua virtute et fide, Brut. et Cass. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 2: istae kolakeiai non longe absunt a scelere, id. Att. 13, 30:

haec non absunt a consuetudine somniorum,

id. Divin. 1, 21, [p. 13] 42.—Since improvement, as well as deterioration, may constitute the ground of difference, so absum may, according to its connection, designate the one or the other:

nullā re longius absumus a naturā ferarum,

in nothing are we more elevated above the nature of the brute, Cic. Off. 1, 16, 50;

so also the much-contested passage,

Cic. Planc. 7, 17: longissime Plancius a te afuit, i. e. valde, plurimis suffragiis, te vicit, was far from you in the number of votes, i. e. had the majority; v. Wunder ad Planc. proleg. p. 83 sq.; on the other hand, to be less, inferior: longe te a pulchris abesse sensisti, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 339, 23:

multum ab eis aberat L. Fufius,

id. Brut. 62, 222; so Hor. A. P. 370.

Not to be suitable, proper, or fit for a thing:

quae absunt ab forensi contentione,

Cic. Or. 11, 37:

ab principis personā,

Nep. Ep. 1, 2.

To be wanting, = desum, Pac. ap. Cic. Fin. 5, 11, 31 (Trag. Rel. p. 122 Rib.):

unum a praeturā tuā abest,

one thing is wanting to your praetorship, Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 25: quaeris id quod habes;

quod abest non quaeris,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 16; cf. Lucr. 3, 970 and 1095.—After Cicero, constr. in this signif. with dat.:

quid huic abesse poterit de maximarum rerum scientiā?

Cic. de Or. 1, 11, 48:

abest enim historia litteris nostris,

history is yet wanting to our literature, id. Leg. 2, 5.—So esp. in the poets:

donec virenti canities abest morosa,

Hor. C. 1, 9, 17; 3, 24, 64; Ov. M. 14, 371.—Hence the phrase non multum (neque multum), paulum, non (haud) procul, minimum, nihil abest, quin. not much, little, nothing is wanting that (Zumpt, Gr. § 540); but not parum, since parum in good classical authors does not correspond in meaning with non multum, but with non satis (v. parum):

neque multum abesse ab eo, quin, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 5, 2, 2; and absol.:

neque multum afuit quin,

id. B. C. 2, 35, 4:

paulumque afuit quin, ib. § 2: legatos nostros haud procul afuit quin violarent,

Liv. 5, 4 fin.:

minimum afuit quin periret,

was within a little of, Suet. Aug. 14:

nihil afore credunt quin,

Verg. A. 8, 147 al.

Abesse alicui or ab aliquo, to be wanting to any one, to be of no assistance or service to (opp. adsum):

ut mirari Torquatus desinat, me, qui Antonio afuerim, Sullam defendere,

Cic. Sull. 5: facile etiam absentibus nobis ( without our aid) veritas se ipsa defendet, id. Ac. 2, 11, 36:

longe iis fraternum nomen populi Romani afuturum,

Caes. B. G. 1, 36. So also Cic. Planc. 5, 13: et quo plus intererat, eo plus aberas a me, the more I needed your assistance, the more you neglected me, v. Wunder ad h. l.; cf. also Sall. C. 20 fin.

Cicero uses abesse to designate his banishment from Rome (which he would never acknowledge as such):

qui nullā lege abessem,

Cic. Sest. 34, 37; cf.: discessus. —Hence, absens, entis ( gen. plur. regul. absentium;

absentum,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 5), P. a., absent (opp. praesens).

In gen.:

vos et praesentem me curā levatis et absenti magna solatia dedistis,

Cic. Brut. 3, 11; so id. Off. 3, 33, 121; id. Verr. 2, 2, 17:

quocirca (amici) et absentes adsunt et egentes abundant,

id. Lael. 7, 23:

ut loquerer tecum absens, cum coram id non licet,

id. Att. 7, 15:

me absente,

id. Dom. 3; id. Cael. 50:

illo absente,

id. Tull. 17; id. Verr. 2, 60:

absente accusatore,

id. ib. 2, 99 al.— Sup.:

mente absentissimus,

Aug. Conf. 4, 4.—Of things (not thus in Cic.):

Romae rus optas, absentem rusticus urbem tollis ad astra,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 28; so,

Rhodus,

id. Ep. 1, 11, 21:

rogus,

Mart. 9, 77, 8:

venti,

Stat. Th. 5, 87:

imagines rerum absentium,

Quint. 6, 2, 29:

versus,

Gell. 20, 10.—

In partic.

In conversat. lang.

Praesens absens, in one's presence or absence:

postulo ut mihi tua domus te praesente absente pateat,

Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 29.—

Absente nobis turbatumst, in our absence (so also:

praesente nobis, v. praesens),

Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 7; Afran. ap. Non. 76, 19 (Com. Rel. p. 165 Rib.).—

In polit. lang., not appearing in public canvassings as a competitor:

deligere (Scipio) iterum consul absens,

Cic. Rep. 6, 11; so Liv. 4, 42, 1; 10, 22, 9.—

= mortuus, deceased, Plaut. Cas. prol. 20; Vitr. 7, praef. § 8.—

Ellipt.: absens in Lucanis, absent in Lucania, i. e. absent and in Lucania, Nep. Hann. 5, 3; so id. Att. 8, 6.

fūmōsus, a, um, adj. [id.], full of smoke, smoking, smoky, smoked (class.).

Lit.:

ligna,

Cato, R. R. 130:

flamma,

id. ib. 38, 4:

fax,

Petr. 97:

December (because many fires are then made),

Mart. 5, 30, 5:

paries,

well smoked, smoky, Petr. 135:

imagines (with age),

Cic. Pis. 1, 1; cf.:

magistri equitum,

Juv. 8, 8:

perna,

smoke-dried, Hor. S. 2, 2, 117: Falerni, kept in the smokechamber (fumarium) to ripen, Tib. 2, 1, 27; so,

cadus,

Ov. F. 5, 518.—

Transf., smelling of smoke, smoky:

defrutum,

Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 319.

hōra, ae (archaic gen. sing. horāï, Lucr. 1, 1016.—In abl. plur. HORABVS, Inscr. Orell. 4601), f. [kindred with hôra; Zend yare, year; ayara, day; orig. for Wosara, from Wear, ver], (lit., a definite space of time, fixed by natural laws; hence, as in Greek).

Lit. (among the Romans, of varying length, according to the time of year, from sunrise to sunset being reckoned as twelve hours; cf.:

aetas, aevum, tempus, dies): aestiva,

Mart. 12, 1, 4; cf.:

viginti milia passuum horis quinque duntaxat aestivis conficienda sunt,

Veg. Mil. 1, 9:

horam amplius jam in demoliendo signo moliebantur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 43, § 95:

īdem eadem possunt horam durare probantes?

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 82:

ternas epistolas in hora dare,

Cic. Fam. 15, 16, 1:

in hora saepe ducentos versus dictabat,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 9:

horas tres dicere,

Cic. Att. 4, 2, 4:

primum dormiit ad horas tres,

id. ib. 10, 13, 1:

quatuor horarum spatio antecedens,

Caes. B. C. 3, 79 fin.:

quatuor aut plures aulaea premuntur in horas,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 189:

non amplius quam septem horas dormiebat,

Suet. Aug. 78:

haec (cogitatio) paucis admodum horis magnas etiam causas complectitur,

Quint. 10, 6, 1:

paucissimarum horarum consulatus,

Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 181:

hora quota est?

what o'clock is it? Hor. S. 2, 6, 44:

nuntiare horas,

to tell the time of day, Juv. 10, 216; cf.:

cum a puero quaesisset horas,

Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 182; Suet. Dom. 16:

si te grata quies et primam somnus in horam Delectat,

Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 6:

hora secunda postridie,

Cic. Quint. 6, 25:

quartā vix demum exponimur horā,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 23:

cum ad te quinta fere hora venissem,

Cic. Pis. 6, 13:

ea res acta est, cum hora sexta vix Pompeius perorasset, usque ad horam octavam,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 3, 2:

hora fere nona,

id. ib.:

hora diei decima fere,

id. Phil. 2, 31, 77:

hora fere undecima aut non multo secus,

id. Mil. 10, 29: prima salutantes atque altera continet hora;

Exercet raucos tertia causidicos: In quintam varios extendit Roma labores: Sexta quies lassis, septima finis erit, etc.,

Mart. 4, 8:

post horam primam noctis.... decem horis nocturnis,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 7, 19:

prima noctis,

Suet. Aug. 76:

tribus nocturnis,

id. Calig. 50:

id quidem in horam diei quintam vel octavam spectare maluerint, i. e.,

towards that part of the heavens where the sun is at the fifth or eighth hour, Plin. 17, 11, 16, § 84; 6, 32, 37, § 202:

hic tu fortasse eris diligens, ne quam ego horam de meis legitimis horis remittam,

of the hours allowed to an orator, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 9, § 25:

hora partūs,

the hour of one's birth, natal hour, Suet. Aug. 94:

hora natalis,

Hor. C. 2, 17, 19:

mortis,

Suet. Dom. 14:

cenae,

id. Claud. 8:

pugnae,

id. Aug. 16:

somni,

id. Dom. 21 et saep.:

ad horam venire,

at the hour, punctually, Sen. Q. N. 2, 16:

clavum mutare in horas,

every hour, hourly, Hor. S. 2, 7, 10; id. C. 2, 13, 14; id. A. P. 160; Plin. Ep. 3, 17, 3.—

Prov.

In horam vivere, to care only for the passing hour, to live from hand to mouth, Cic. Phil. 5, 9, 25.—

Omnium horarum homo (amicus, etc.), ready, active, well disposed at all times, Quint. 6, 3, 110 Spald.; Suet. Tib. 42 (for which:

C. Publicium solitum dicere, P. Mummium cuivis tempori hominem esse,

Cic. de Or. 2, 67, 271).—

Transf., in plur.: hōrae, ārum, a horologe, dial, clock:

cum machinatione quadam moveri aliquid videmus, ut sphaeram, ut horas,

Cic. N. D. 2, 38, 97; Petr. 71; cf.:

videt oscitantem judicem, mittentem ad horas,

to look at the clock, Cic. Brut. 54, 200.—

Poet., in gen., time, time of year, season:

tu quamcumque deus tibi fortunaverit horam, Grata sume manu,

Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 22:

et mihi forsan, tibi quod negarit, Porriget hora,

id. C. 2, 16, 31:

neu fluitem dubiae spe pendulus horae,

id. Ep. 1, 18, 110:

qui recte vivendi prorogat horam,

id. ib. 1, 2, 41:

extremo veniet mollior hora die,

Prop. 2, 28 (3, 24), 16:

numquam te crastina fallet Hora,

Verg. G. 1, 426:

sub verni temporis horam,

Hor. A. P. 302;

so of spring: genitalis anni,

Plin. 9, 35, 54, § 107:

flagrantis atrox hora Caniculae,

Hor. C. 3, 13, 9:

(hae latebrae) Incolumem tibi me praestant Septembribus horis,

id. Ep. 1, 16, 16:

arbor ipsa omnibus horis pomifera est,

at all seasons, all the year round, Plin. 12, 3, 7, § 15.—

Personified: Hōrae, ārum, f., like the Gr. Hôrai, the Hours, daughters of Jupiter and Themis, goddesses that presided over the changes of the seasons and kept watch at the gates of heaven, Ov. M. 2, 26; 118; Val. Fl. 4, 92; Stat. Th. 3, 410; Ov. F. 1, 125; 5, 217; Hyg. Fab. 183.

Hō̆ra, ae, f. [perh. an old form for hĕra, lady], the wife of Quirinus ( Romulus), who was worshipped as a goddess (called, before her death, Hersilia, Ov. M. 14, 830): Quirine pater, veneror, Horamque Quirini, Enn. ap. Non. 120, 2 (Ann. v. 121 Vahl.):

Hora Quirini,

Gell. 13, 22, 2; cf.:

pariter cum corpore nomen Mutat Horamque vocat,

Ov. M. 14, 851.

hōra, ae (archaic gen. sing. horāï, Lucr. 1, 1016.—In abl. plur. HORABVS, Inscr. Orell. 4601), f. [kindred with hôra; Zend yare, year; ayara, day; orig. for Wosara, from Wear, ver], (lit., a definite space of time, fixed by natural laws; hence, as in Greek).

Lit. (among the Romans, of varying length, according to the time of year, from sunrise to sunset being reckoned as twelve hours; cf.:

aetas, aevum, tempus, dies): aestiva,

Mart. 12, 1, 4; cf.:

viginti milia passuum horis quinque duntaxat aestivis conficienda sunt,

Veg. Mil. 1, 9:

horam amplius jam in demoliendo signo moliebantur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 43, § 95:

īdem eadem possunt horam durare probantes?

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 82:

ternas epistolas in hora dare,

Cic. Fam. 15, 16, 1:

in hora saepe ducentos versus dictabat,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 9:

horas tres dicere,

Cic. Att. 4, 2, 4:

primum dormiit ad horas tres,

id. ib. 10, 13, 1:

quatuor horarum spatio antecedens,

Caes. B. C. 3, 79 fin.:

quatuor aut plures aulaea premuntur in horas,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 189:

non amplius quam septem horas dormiebat,

Suet. Aug. 78:

haec (cogitatio) paucis admodum horis magnas etiam causas complectitur,

Quint. 10, 6, 1:

paucissimarum horarum consulatus,

Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 181:

hora quota est?

what o'clock is it? Hor. S. 2, 6, 44:

nuntiare horas,

to tell the time of day, Juv. 10, 216; cf.:

cum a puero quaesisset horas,

Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 182; Suet. Dom. 16:

si te grata quies et primam somnus in horam Delectat,

Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 6:

hora secunda postridie,

Cic. Quint. 6, 25:

quartā vix demum exponimur horā,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 23:

cum ad te quinta fere hora venissem,

Cic. Pis. 6, 13:

ea res acta est, cum hora sexta vix Pompeius perorasset, usque ad horam octavam,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 3, 2:

hora fere nona,

id. ib.:

hora diei decima fere,

id. Phil. 2, 31, 77:

hora fere undecima aut non multo secus,

id. Mil. 10, 29: prima salutantes atque altera continet hora;

Exercet raucos tertia causidicos: In quintam varios extendit Roma labores: Sexta quies lassis, septima finis erit, etc.,

Mart. 4, 8:

post horam primam noctis.... decem horis nocturnis,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 7, 19:

prima noctis,

Suet. Aug. 76:

tribus nocturnis,

id. Calig. 50:

id quidem in horam diei quintam vel octavam spectare maluerint, i. e.,

towards that part of the heavens where the sun is at the fifth or eighth hour, Plin. 17, 11, 16, § 84; 6, 32, 37, § 202:

hic tu fortasse eris diligens, ne quam ego horam de meis legitimis horis remittam,

of the hours allowed to an orator, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 9, § 25:

hora partūs,

the hour of one's birth, natal hour, Suet. Aug. 94:

hora natalis,

Hor. C. 2, 17, 19:

mortis,

Suet. Dom. 14:

cenae,

id. Claud. 8:

pugnae,

id. Aug. 16:

somni,

id. Dom. 21 et saep.:

ad horam venire,

at the hour, punctually, Sen. Q. N. 2, 16:

clavum mutare in horas,

every hour, hourly, Hor. S. 2, 7, 10; id. C. 2, 13, 14; id. A. P. 160; Plin. Ep. 3, 17, 3.—

Prov.

In horam vivere, to care only for the passing hour, to live from hand to mouth, Cic. Phil. 5, 9, 25.—

Omnium horarum homo (amicus, etc.), ready, active, well disposed at all times, Quint. 6, 3, 110 Spald.; Suet. Tib. 42 (for which:

C. Publicium solitum dicere, P. Mummium cuivis tempori hominem esse,

Cic. de Or. 2, 67, 271).—

Transf., in plur.: hōrae, ārum, a horologe, dial, clock:

cum machinatione quadam moveri aliquid videmus, ut sphaeram, ut horas,

Cic. N. D. 2, 38, 97; Petr. 71; cf.:

videt oscitantem judicem, mittentem ad horas,

to look at the clock, Cic. Brut. 54, 200.—

Poet., in gen., time, time of year, season:

tu quamcumque deus tibi fortunaverit horam, Grata sume manu,

Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 22:

et mihi forsan, tibi quod negarit, Porriget hora,

id. C. 2, 16, 31:

neu fluitem dubiae spe pendulus horae,

id. Ep. 1, 18, 110:

qui recte vivendi prorogat horam,

id. ib. 1, 2, 41:

extremo veniet mollior hora die,

Prop. 2, 28 (3, 24), 16:

numquam te crastina fallet Hora,

Verg. G. 1, 426:

sub verni temporis horam,

Hor. A. P. 302;

so of spring: genitalis anni,

Plin. 9, 35, 54, § 107:

flagrantis atrox hora Caniculae,

Hor. C. 3, 13, 9:

(hae latebrae) Incolumem tibi me praestant Septembribus horis,

id. Ep. 1, 16, 16:

arbor ipsa omnibus horis pomifera est,

at all seasons, all the year round, Plin. 12, 3, 7, § 15.—

Personified: Hōrae, ārum, f., like the Gr. Hôrai, the Hours, daughters of Jupiter and Themis, goddesses that presided over the changes of the seasons and kept watch at the gates of heaven, Ov. M. 2, 26; 118; Val. Fl. 4, 92; Stat. Th. 3, 410; Ov. F. 1, 125; 5, 217; Hyg. Fab. 183.

Hō̆ra, ae, f. [perh. an old form for hĕra, lady], the wife of Quirinus ( Romulus), who was worshipped as a goddess (called, before her death, Hersilia, Ov. M. 14, 830): Quirine pater, veneror, Horamque Quirini, Enn. ap. Non. 120, 2 (Ann. v. 121 Vahl.):

Hora Quirini,

Gell. 13, 22, 2; cf.:

pariter cum corpore nomen Mutat Horamque vocat,

Ov. M. 14, 851.

hōra, ae (archaic gen. sing. horāï, Lucr. 1, 1016.—In abl. plur. HORABVS, Inscr. Orell. 4601), f. [kindred with hôra; Zend yare, year; ayara, day; orig. for Wosara, from Wear, ver], (lit., a definite space of time, fixed by natural laws; hence, as in Greek).

Lit. (among the Romans, of varying length, according to the time of year, from sunrise to sunset being reckoned as twelve hours; cf.:

aetas, aevum, tempus, dies): aestiva,

Mart. 12, 1, 4; cf.:

viginti milia passuum horis quinque duntaxat aestivis conficienda sunt,

Veg. Mil. 1, 9:

horam amplius jam in demoliendo signo moliebantur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 43, § 95:

īdem eadem possunt horam durare probantes?

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 82:

ternas epistolas in hora dare,

Cic. Fam. 15, 16, 1:

in hora saepe ducentos versus dictabat,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 9:

horas tres dicere,

Cic. Att. 4, 2, 4:

primum dormiit ad horas tres,

id. ib. 10, 13, 1:

quatuor horarum spatio antecedens,

Caes. B. C. 3, 79 fin.:

quatuor aut plures aulaea premuntur in horas,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 189:

non amplius quam septem horas dormiebat,

Suet. Aug. 78:

haec (cogitatio) paucis admodum horis magnas etiam causas complectitur,

Quint. 10, 6, 1:

paucissimarum horarum consulatus,

Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 181:

hora quota est?

what o'clock is it? Hor. S. 2, 6, 44:

nuntiare horas,

to tell the time of day, Juv. 10, 216; cf.:

cum a puero quaesisset horas,

Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 182; Suet. Dom. 16:

si te grata quies et primam somnus in horam Delectat,

Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 6:

hora secunda postridie,

Cic. Quint. 6, 25:

quartā vix demum exponimur horā,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 23:

cum ad te quinta fere hora venissem,

Cic. Pis. 6, 13:

ea res acta est, cum hora sexta vix Pompeius perorasset, usque ad horam octavam,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 3, 2:

hora fere nona,

id. ib.:

hora diei decima fere,

id. Phil. 2, 31, 77:

hora fere undecima aut non multo secus,

id. Mil. 10, 29: prima salutantes atque altera continet hora;

Exercet raucos tertia causidicos: In quintam varios extendit Roma labores: Sexta quies lassis, septima finis erit, etc.,

Mart. 4, 8:

post horam primam noctis.... decem horis nocturnis,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 7, 19:

prima noctis,

Suet. Aug. 76:

tribus nocturnis,

id. Calig. 50:

id quidem in horam diei quintam vel octavam spectare maluerint, i. e.,

towards that part of the heavens where the sun is at the fifth or eighth hour, Plin. 17, 11, 16, § 84; 6, 32, 37, § 202:

hic tu fortasse eris diligens, ne quam ego horam de meis legitimis horis remittam,

of the hours allowed to an orator, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 9, § 25:

hora partūs,

the hour of one's birth, natal hour, Suet. Aug. 94:

hora natalis,

Hor. C. 2, 17, 19:

mortis,

Suet. Dom. 14:

cenae,

id. Claud. 8:

pugnae,

id. Aug. 16:

somni,

id. Dom. 21 et saep.:

ad horam venire,

at the hour, punctually, Sen. Q. N. 2, 16:

clavum mutare in horas,

every hour, hourly, Hor. S. 2, 7, 10; id. C. 2, 13, 14; id. A. P. 160; Plin. Ep. 3, 17, 3.—

Prov.

In horam vivere, to care only for the passing hour, to live from hand to mouth, Cic. Phil. 5, 9, 25.—

Omnium horarum homo (amicus, etc.), ready, active, well disposed at all times, Quint. 6, 3, 110 Spald.; Suet. Tib. 42 (for which:

C. Publicium solitum dicere, P. Mummium cuivis tempori hominem esse,

Cic. de Or. 2, 67, 271).—

Transf., in plur.: hōrae, ārum, a horologe, dial, clock:

cum machinatione quadam moveri aliquid videmus, ut sphaeram, ut horas,

Cic. N. D. 2, 38, 97; Petr. 71; cf.:

videt oscitantem judicem, mittentem ad horas,

to look at the clock, Cic. Brut. 54, 200.—

Poet., in gen., time, time of year, season:

tu quamcumque deus tibi fortunaverit horam, Grata sume manu,

Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 22:

et mihi forsan, tibi quod negarit, Porriget hora,

id. C. 2, 16, 31:

neu fluitem dubiae spe pendulus horae,

id. Ep. 1, 18, 110:

qui recte vivendi prorogat horam,

id. ib. 1, 2, 41:

extremo veniet mollior hora die,

Prop. 2, 28 (3, 24), 16:

numquam te crastina fallet Hora,

Verg. G. 1, 426:

sub verni temporis horam,

Hor. A. P. 302;

so of spring: genitalis anni,

Plin. 9, 35, 54, § 107:

flagrantis atrox hora Caniculae,

Hor. C. 3, 13, 9:

(hae latebrae) Incolumem tibi me praestant Septembribus horis,

id. Ep. 1, 16, 16:

arbor ipsa omnibus horis pomifera est,

at all seasons, all the year round, Plin. 12, 3, 7, § 15.—

Personified: Hōrae, ārum, f., like the Gr. Hôrai, the Hours, daughters of Jupiter and Themis, goddesses that presided over the changes of the seasons and kept watch at the gates of heaven, Ov. M. 2, 26; 118; Val. Fl. 4, 92; Stat. Th. 3, 410; Ov. F. 1, 125; 5, 217; Hyg. Fab. 183.

Hō̆ra, ae, f. [perh. an old form for hĕra, lady], the wife of Quirinus ( Romulus), who was worshipped as a goddess (called, before her death, Hersilia, Ov. M. 14, 830): Quirine pater, veneror, Horamque Quirini, Enn. ap. Non. 120, 2 (Ann. v. 121 Vahl.):

Hora Quirini,

Gell. 13, 22, 2; cf.:

pariter cum corpore nomen Mutat Horamque vocat,

Ov. M. 14, 851.